Narwhal
Narwhal
Narwhal
Do you know an animal called a "narwhal" that has very long and mysterious horns? Didn't the narwhal become the model for the legendary creature called the "unicorn" from its magnificent horns? It seems to be thought. However, narwhals are very difficult animals to breed, so you have to go to the Arctic Ocean, where they live, to see the real thing. Let's take a peek into their lives together to find out what characteristics and secrets narwhals have in this article!
Narwhal Basic Infomation
Mammalia-Cetartiodactyla-Monodontidae.
Length:male maximum4.7m female maximum4.2m(※Size without fangs.). Weight:male maximum1600Kg female maximum900Kg.
Narwhal is one of the species of whales that live in the Arctic Ocean.
The color of the body is pale gray with a blackish-brown spot pattern centered on the back, but as you get older, the color of the body gradually becomes whiter.
The biggest feature of narwhals is their fangs, which look like giant horns growing out of their mouths, and these fangs grow through their upper lips.
Narwhals basically live in groups of 15~20 heads. The herd seems to be divided by age and gender.
Sometimes, however, these small herds gather together to form huge herds called "superpods" that can number in the hundreds.
Narwhal males reach sexual maturity at 8~9 years of age, and females reach sexual maturity about 4~7 years after birth, and can reproduce. The gestation period is 14~15 months, and usually one baby is born at a time.
The breeding season is spring, and mating is often carried out around April, and babies are often born around July of the following year. Narwhal babies spend about 20 months with their mothers and learn the knowledge they need to live.
Narwhal Q&A
Where does the narwhal get its name?
This animal, which in English is called "narwhal", in Japanese case it is called "ikkaku". So why are they called ikkaku in Japanese? This time, I would like to introduce its origin.
It is said that the name of the ikkaku is derived from a single large tusk that grows at the mouth, which looks like a horn, so it is said that the name "ikkaku" was given.
By the way, the scientific name is expressed as "monodon monoceros", which means "one tooth".
Why do narwhals live there?
Narwhals live in the Arctic Ocean, migrate to the open sea in autumn as sea ice grows, and migrate to the inner bay, where food is abundant, from spring to summer.
Why do narwhals live in the Arctic Ocean? The clear reason is still unknown at this time.
However, the Arctic Ocean is rich in phytoplankton, and fish and shellfish that feed on plankton are also abundant.
In addition, there are many animals such as walruses and beluga whales that target the fish and shellfish, polar bears and orcas that eat walruses and beluga whales.
Based on this, isn't one of the reasons narwhals live in the Arctic Ocean because of their abundance of food? It is considered.
What do narwhals eat?
Narwhals are carnivorous animals, feeding on fish (flounder, cod, etc.), cephalopods (squid, octopus, etc.), crustaceans (crabs, shrimp, etc.).
As I will explain in detail later in "What are the characteristics of narwhal horns (fangs)?", Narwhals have only two teeth.
Since neither tooth can chew due to its structure, narwhals suck in fish and shrimp and eat them whole.
What kind of personality does a narwhal have?
The nature of narwhals is said to be very delicate and timid.
When you try to approach a narwhal by boat, it senses sounds and vibrations and quickly dives deep and escapes. Therefore, it is said that it is difficult to see them up close, observe them, and conduct research.
By the way, narwhals can dive for up to 20 minutes, and it is said that they can swim up to 1000m deep.
What is the difference between narwhals and dolphins?
First of all, narwhals and dolphins are considered to be a type of whale.
Next, both whales and dolphins are animals classified as "cetaceans", and they live and eat almost the same food.
In fact, there is no big difference between whales and dolphins, and cetaceans with a body size of about 4m or more are called whales, and animals less than 4m are called dolphins. Therefore, narwhals that grow up to 4.7m in length are classified as whales, not dolphins.
In addition, narwhals are classified as "monodontidae" along with beluga whales (belugas) and are known to have characteristics that are different from other whales.
One of the characteristics is found in the neck bones, and many whale members cannot move their necks freely because part of the neck bones are attached to them, but the neck bones of narwhals and beluga whales are not attached, so they can move their necks freely.
In addition, these two species may interbreed in the natural environment due to their habitat and genetic proximity. Therefore, whales that are thought to be hybrids of two species with the characteristics of both narwhal and beluga whale have been sighted around the Arctic Ocean.
What are the characteristics of narwhal horns (fangs)?
The horns that grow from the mouth of narwhals are not horns like deer or cows, but fangs that have developed front teeth and become huge.
Narwhals have a large body, but in fact they have only two teeth in their mouths.
Of the two front teeth, only the left tooth, and only the male tooth, breaks through the upper lip and goes out, twisting to the left and continuing to extend to reach a maximum length of 3m.
On the other hand, the right tooth mysteriously basically does not extend and remains buried in the upper jaw bone and does not go out.
In addition, the right teeth of males and the left and right teeth of females basically do not extend.However, in rare cases, there are males with left and right teeth extended, and females that grow their teeth like males.
In the case of even rarer individuals, some females seem to have both left and right teeth extended.
The fangs of narwhals are originally white, but interestingly, they can also be green due to algae.
That said, since the tips of the fangs are polished by touching various places, it is said that there are many narwhals with white fangs, which are also the original color. By the way, the tusks of narwhals are very flexible and can be bent in any direction.
Why do narwhals have big horns (fangs)?
In fact, it is still unknown at this time why male narwhals have large kiva and what kiva is used for.
There are various theories about how narwhal tusks are used, but the first one I will introduce is that "males use it to appeal themselves to females" or "males use it to fight over females".
Apparently, the longer the fangs of narwhals, the more attractive they are, and males are often seen putting their fangs out on the surface of the sea to compare their lengths, bumping their fangs against each other and rubbing them against each other, a behavior called "sparring".
Therefore, wounds on the face of narwhal males that are thought to have been inflicted with the fangs of other males are often seen.
There is also a theory that fangs have the role of sensors.
It has been found that narwhal fangs have small holes on the surface that allow seawater to enter the interior, and that nerves are stretched inside.
Therefore, it is thought that narwhals may use their fangs to obtain various information such as salinity, water temperature, and water pressure in seawater and sense changes in the surrounding environment.
There is also a theory that it is used to take food efficiently, but it has been pointed out that this does not explain why females do not have fangs.
However, in fact, male narwhals have been seen many times sticking their fangs into fish and catching fish. Considering this, it seems that there are a certain number of narwhals that use their tusks to take food.
There are various other theories about how fangs are used, such as "weapons when fighting killer whales and polar bears, which are natural enemies", "tools for making holes for breathing in thick ice", and "tools for digging shellfish on the seabed", but at the moment it is not known which theory is correct or incorrect.
Is it true that narwhals became models for unicorns?
Yes, according to one theory, the legendary creature "unicorn" may have been modeled after a narwhal.
A horse-like animal with a single long horn on its forehead, the unicorn was considered a mysterious creature in medieval Europe.
Unicorn horns are prized because they are thought to have mystical powers, are effective against all diseases, and have a detoxifying effect, and at one time they were traded at a higher price than gold.
However, it is believed that what was actually traded at this time was not unicorn horns, but narwhal fangs or walrus fangs.
Certainly, if you see a narwhal horn in an era when the Internet has not developed like today, some people may think that it is a unicorn horn because of its size and presence.
By the way, narwhal tusks are thought to have antipyretic and sedative effects, and were sometimes added to herbal medicine.
Is there an aquarium where you can see narwhals in Japan?
Unfortunately, there are no aquariums that breed and exhibit narwhals in Japan.
Narwhals live in the Arctic Ocean, where people cannot easily reach or live, and are very timid and nervous animals.
Therefore, there are many mysteries compared to beluga whales that live in the same Arctic Ocean, and their life and ecology are often not clarified.
There have been aquariums that have tried to keep them in the past, but they are difficult to keep for various reasons such as "difficult to reproduce the environment of the Arctic Ocean", "large body", and "timid personality", and there has not been a single case where they have been able to keep them for a long time.
By the way, it is not a live narwhal, but at the Toba Aquarium in Mie Prefecture, stuffed real narwhals and narwhal fangs are on display.
In the past, there has been an event called "Actually touching the fangs of narwhal", so there may be a possibility that similar events will be held in the future!
What is the lifespan of a narwhal?
There are various theories about the lifespan of narwhals, but it is thought that it is 30~40 years (up to about 50 years) in the wild.
No specific information was found about the lifespan in captivity, but it seems that all the individuals kept in the facility were short-lived.
What enemies do narwhals have?
The natural enemies of narwhals are large carnivores orcas, polar bears and walruses. Narwhals swim freely in the sea, but sometimes they are attacked and eaten by these animals.
But for narwhals, our greatest enemy is us humans.
Narwhal tusks were believed to have medicinal properties, so there is a sad history of overfishing for tusks in the past.Currently, it is protected worldwide to prevent overfishing, but it seems that it is sometimes the target of trophy hunting for fine fangs.
In addition, the sea ice of the Arctic Ocean melts due to the effects of global warming, and conversely, the sea ice becomes abnormally thick, and it is thought that these phenomena threaten the lives of narwhals.
Narwhals have a habit of hiding in sea ice to protect themselves from their natural enemies, such as killer whales and walruses. However, when the sea ice melts, it becomes impossible to hide and protect yourself.
On the other hand, if the sea ice becomes too thick, it seems that there are tragic accidents in which narwhals are trapped and suffocate to death.
By the way, for the indigenous Inuit people, narwhals have become one of the valuable food sources.
Therefore, Inuit people are still allowed to hunt narwhals after deciding the number and method of catching them per year in order to preserve their traditional way of life.
Narwhal skin is used as food rich in precious vitamin C in the Arctic, meat is used as food for dogs pulling sleds, and fangs are used as a source of valuable cash income.
Narwhals are classified as "Appendix II" as not necessarily threatened with extinction under the Washington Convention but threatened with extinction if trade is not regulated, and "Low Concern" under the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List as having a low risk of extinction.
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Narwhal Type of List
Amazon River Dolphin
In the murky waters of the Amazon River, gracefully swims the Amazon river dolphin, a pink dolphin. Also known as the 'Amazon pink dolphin,' or 'boto' in the local language, they hold a mystical significance for the people of the Amazon. Let's delve into the fascinating ecology of the Amazon river dolphin and the threats they face.
Atlantic Humpback Dolphin
Along the Atlantic coast of Africa, a unique dolphin with a small hump on its back makes its home. This is the Atlantic humpback dolphin. They prefer shallow coastal waters such as estuaries and lagoons, and their diet consists of small fish and crustaceans. Unfortunately, their numbers are declining, and they are critically endangered. Let's explore the ecology of the Atlantic humpback dolphin and the efforts to protect them.
Atlantic Spotted Dolphin
In the warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean swims a dolphin adorned with a unique spotted pattern: the Atlantic spotted dolphin. These dolphins, known for their playful nature and social interactions, are a fascinating sight to behold. Let's explore the world of the Atlantic spotted dolphin and delve into their intriguing ecology.
Atlantic White-sided Dolphin
The Atlantic white-sided dolphin, a sleek and energetic creature with a striking black and white pattern, cuts through the waves of the North Atlantic. These social dolphins, known for forming large pods of hundreds, are a true spectacle to behold. Let's dive into the world of the Atlantic white-sided dolphin, their fascinating behavior, and the challenges they face in today's oceans.
Australian Snubfin Dolphin
In the warm waters off the coast of Australia, lives a dolphin with a round head and an adorable smile. This is the Australian snubfin dolphin. They are active hunters that frequent shallow coastal waters. Let's take a closer look at the ecology of the Australian snubfin dolphin and the challenges they face.
Beluga
Belugas are cute with their pure white bodies and chubby shapes! There are only a few places in Japan where you can see belugas, but you can’t help wanting to take pictures of their adorable gestures, right? But there must be some people who don’t know much about their ecology… Whether you have seen belugas before or not, why don’t you join me in discovering their secrets?
Burmeister's Porpoise
In the cold waters off the coast of South America, the Burmeister's porpoise lives a secluded life. They are known for rarely surfacing and are considered one of the most enigmatic dolphins. Let's dive into the ecology of the Burmeister's porpoise and the threats they face.
Chilean Dolphin
Off the coast of Chile, lives a small and adorable dolphin: the Chilean dolphin. They have unique characteristics and a poignant history that sets them apart from other dolphins. Let's explore the ecology of the Chilean dolphin and the efforts to protect them.
Clymene Dolphin
In the warm waters of the Atlantic, there's a dolphin known for its dazzling spinning leaps: the Clymene dolphin. They have a unique characteristic and a somewhat mysterious ecology, setting them apart from other dolphins. Let's explore the charm of these fascinating creatures!
Commerson's Dolphin
In the waters of South America, there's a dolphin with a striking black and white pattern that resembles a panda. This is the Commerson's dolphin. They are very small and surprisingly active dolphins. Let's explore the ecology of the Commerson's dolphin, their habitat, and their relationship with humans.
Common Bottlenose Dolphin
The common bottlenose dolphin, a familiar sight in aquariums, captivates us with its high intelligence and charming demeanor. What kind of life do these dolphins lead in the vast expanse of the world's oceans? Let's dive into the world of the common bottlenose dolphin, exploring their ecology, their environment, and their relationship with humans.
Dall's Porpoise
In the cold waters of the North Pacific, the Dall's porpoise zips through the waves with incredible speed. Named for their habit of leaping from the water, resembling skipping stones, these black and white dolphins are a sight to behold. Let's explore the ecology of Dall's porpoise and the challenges they face.
Dolphin
It is a very popular dolphin that is one of the highlights of the aquarium show! The sight of them swimming around in the water is beautiful, and the sight of them playing ball is cute. Dolphins have a gentle personality, but did you know that they actually have great power? Let's take a peek at the world of dolphins you didn't know!
Dusky Dolphin
The dusky dolphin, with its striking black and white coloration, dances through the waves of the Southern Hemisphere's cold waters. Known for their acrobatic jumps and playful nature, they often travel in large pods, adding a touch of joy to the vast ocean. Let's explore the fascinating world of the dusky dolphin, their unique traits, and the challenges they face in today's oceans.
False Killer Whale
The false killer whale, cruising the vast ocean with its sleek, black body. Sometimes forming massive pods of hundreds, they resemble a dark current in the sea. Let's delve into the enigmatic ecology of the false killer whale and the threats they face.
Finless Porpoise
Did you know that there are dolphins living in the waters around Japan? The finless porpoise is a small dolphin that lives in the shallow waters of East Asia. They are known for their lack of a dorsal fin and their rounded body, giving them a very endearing appearance. Let's explore the ecology of the finless porpoise and the threats they face.
Fraser's Dolphin
In the tropical and subtropical seas, lives the Fraser's dolphin, a creature of mystery and grace. Distinguished by their short beaks and streamlined bodies, they stand out from other dolphins. Let's explore the ecology of Fraser's dolphins and the threats they face.
Ganges River Dolphin
In the murky waters of India's sacred Ganges River, swims a unique dolphin with a long beak and small eyes. The Ganges river dolphin, also known as the susu, is facing a perilous fight for survival. Let's dive into the world of the Ganges river dolphin, exploring their remarkable adaptations and the threats that jeopardize their existence.
Harbor Porpoise
In the cold waters of the Northern Hemisphere, the harbor porpoise lives a quiet life. These small dolphins, with their rounded faces and unassuming nature, are a common sight in coastal waters. Let's explore the ecology of the harbor porpoise and the challenges they face in today's oceans.
Heaviside's Dolphin
Off the coast of South Africa, in the cold waters, lives a small dolphin with markings reminiscent of the orca. This is the Heaviside's dolphin. They are incredibly active and delight us with their acrobatic movements. Let's explore the ecology of Heaviside's dolphin, the environment they inhabit, and their relationship with humans.
Hector's Dolphin
Off the coast of New Zealand, a unique dolphin with a rounded dorsal fin makes its home in the cold waters. This is Hector's dolphin, one of the smallest dolphin species in the world, facing the threat of extinction. Let's explore the ecology of Hector's dolphin and the efforts to protect them.
Hourglass Dolphin
In the frigid waters of the Southern Ocean, there lives a unique dolphin with a distinctive hourglass-shaped pattern. This is the hourglass dolphin. They are very small and often seen swimming playfully with other whales. Let's explore the ecology of the hourglass dolphin and the icy world they inhabit.
Indian Ocean Humpback Dolphin
Along the coasts of the Indian Ocean, lives a unique dolphin with a small hump on its back. It is called the Indian Ocean humpback dolphin. They prefer shallow coastal waters and are highly vulnerable to the impacts of fishing and marine pollution. Their conservation status is Vulnerable, and their population is declining.
Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin
In the warm waters of the Indian and western Pacific Oceans, swims the adorable Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin. While they are related to the common bottlenose dolphin, they have distinct black spots on their bellies. Let's explore the ecology of the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin, the threats they face, and what we can do to help!
Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin
In the waters of Asia, swims a beautiful dolphin with a pale pink hue: the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin. These dolphins, known for living in shallow coastal waters and their active hunting of fish, are facing a decline in numbers, pushing them towards the brink of extinction. Let's explore the ecology of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin and the efforts to protect them.
Indus River Dolphin
In the murky waters of the Indus River in Pakistan, lives a blind dolphin: the Indus river dolphin. These dolphins, also known as 'bhulan' in the local language, are fighting for survival despite the threats they face. Let's delve into the unique ecology of the Indus river dolphin and the efforts to protect them.
Irrawaddy Dolphin
In the rivers and seas of Southeast Asia, there lives a unique dolphin with a round head and no dorsal fin. Its name is the Irrawaddy dolphin. Known for their cooperative fishing with humans, these dolphins are truly remarkable. Let's delve into the fascinating ecology of the Irrawaddy dolphin and the threats they face.
La Plata Dolphin
In the Río de la Plata estuary of South America, a unique dolphin with a pale pink hue makes its home. This is the La Plata dolphin, a rare species that has evolved to thrive in the boundary between river and sea. Let's explore the fascinating ecology of the La Plata dolphin and the challenges they face.
Long-beaked Common Dolphin
The long-beaked common dolphin, a playful and agile creature easily recognized by its elongated beak. These dolphins are known for their speed, their ability to ride the waves created by boats, and their tendency to form large pods, making them a favorite sight for marine enthusiasts. Let's delve into the fascinating ecology of the long-beaked common dolphin and the environmental challenges they face.
Long-finned Pilot Whale
The long-finned pilot whale, inhabiting the cold waters of the North Atlantic and Southern Hemisphere, is a fascinating dolphin species known for its distinctive long pectoral fins and rounded head. Highly social, these whales often form large pods. Reaching lengths of up to 22 feet (6.7 meters), they thrive in cold waters, with squid and small fish as their primary food source. Let's explore the world of the long-finned pilot whale, their complex social structures, and the challenges they face in today's oceans.
Melon-headed Whale
In the tropical and subtropical seas, the melon-headed whale, with its distinctive round head, travels the depths of the ocean. These enigmatic dolphins, often forming large pods of over a hundred individuals, are a sight to behold. Let's explore the ecology of the melon-headed whale and the challenges they face.
Northern Right Whale Dolphin
In the cold waters of the North Pacific, lives an unusual dolphin without a dorsal fin. This is the northern right whale dolphin. With their streamlined bodies, they are known for their speed and their playful habit of riding alongside boats. Let's explore the unique ecology of the northern right whale dolphin and their environment.
Orca
With its adorable appearance and high intelligence, orcas are popular at aquarium shows. However, I have the impression that many of the aliases and nicknames of killer whales are noisy. In fact, it has the nickname "Gang of the Sea", and the scientific name orcinus orca means "monster from the underworld". True to its name, killer whales are a fierce and fearsome species that stands at the top of the ecosystem. Orcas have conflicting elements, but what kind of ecology is they in the wild? Let's take a look at the usual state of killer orcas.
Pacific White-sided Dolphin
The Pacific white-sided dolphin, a sleek and energetic creature with a striking black and white pattern, inhabits the cold waters of the North Pacific Ocean. Known for their speed, acrobatic jumps, and playful nature, they are often seen riding the waves alongside boats. Let's dive into the exciting world of the Pacific white-sided dolphin and discover more about their ecology and the environment they call home.
Pantropical Spotted Dolphin
In the tropical seas, the pantropical spotted dolphin swims gracefully, adorned with beautiful spots. They form large pods, sometimes numbering in the hundreds, traveling the vast ocean like ballerinas of the sea. Let's explore the graceful and powerful ecology of the pantropical spotted dolphin.
Peale's Dolphin
Off the southern tip of South America, around the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, lives Peale's dolphin. These dolphins, with their striking black and white contrast, are agile hunters who frequent the kelp forests. Let's explore the ecology of Peale's dolphin and the unique environment they inhabit.
Pygmy Killer Whale
Lurking in the depths of the ocean, shrouded in mystery, is the pygmy killer whale. True to its name, this whale resembles a miniature version of the orca, but it is a far rarer sight. Let's delve into the ecology of the pygmy killer whale and the challenges they face.
Risso's Dolphin
The Risso's dolphin, a powerful and enigmatic inhabitant of the warm oceans around the world. Known for their deep dives and preference for squid, these dolphins often sport a unique tapestry of scars. Let's explore the fascinating world of Risso's dolphins and learn about their ecology and the environments they inhabit.
Short-beaked Common Dolphin
The short-beaked common dolphin, a spirited creature that cruises through oceans worldwide. Known for their energetic nature and curiosity, these dolphins are a delight to watch. Let's explore the amazing ecology of the short-beaked common dolphin and the challenges they face.
Short-finned Pilot Whale
The short-finned pilot whale, a species of oceanic dolphin, roams the deep waters of tropical and temperate seas around the world. Known for their short pectoral fins and bulbous heads, these highly social creatures often form massive pods. Reaching lengths of up to 23 feet (7 meters), they are deep-diving predators that primarily feed on squid and fish. Let's explore the fascinating world of the short-finned pilot whale, their complex social interactions, and the challenges they face in today's oceans.
Southern Right Whale Dolphin
In the cold waters of the Southern Hemisphere, lives an unusual dolphin without a dorsal fin. This is the southern right whale dolphin. They are stylish dolphins with a striking black and white two-tone coloration. Let's explore the unique ecology of the southern right whale dolphin and their environment.
Spectacled Porpoise
In the icy waters of the Southern Ocean, lives a rare and elusive porpoise with unique markings that resemble spectacles. This is the spectacled porpoise. Known for their dark backs and white bellies, they are a sight to behold, but sightings are few and far between. Let's explore the limited information we have about the spectacled porpoise and the importance of their conservation.
Spinner Dolphin
The spinner dolphin, a star of dolphin shows, is known for its graceful jumps and signature spins. Let's explore the acrobatic ecology of the spinner dolphin and the blue ocean paradise they call home!
Striped Dolphin
The striped dolphin, a common sight in tropical and temperate waters, is known for its distinctive blue and white stripes. Often seen in large pods, these dolphins are a delight to watch, with their acrobatic jumps and swift swimming abilities. Let's explore the active world of the striped dolphin and the environmental challenges they face.
Tucuxi
In the murky waters of the Amazon River, the tucuxi, a small dolphin, swims with agility. They are special creatures for the people who live in the Amazon. Let's explore the ecology of the tucuxi, their environment, and their relationship with humans.
Vaquita
In the Gulf of California, Mexico, lives one of the world's rarest dolphins, the vaquita. These adorable dolphins, with their small bodies and large dorsal fins, are critically endangered. Let's explore the ecology of the vaquita and the efforts being made to save them.
White-beaked Dolphin
The white-beaked dolphin, a powerful swimmer that navigates the rough waves of the North Atlantic. These dolphins, with their distinctive white beaks and stocky build, often form large pods, numbering in the hundreds, as they journey across the vast ocean. Let's delve into the ecology of the white-beaked dolphin, exploring their world and the challenges they encounter.
Yangtze River Dolphin
Once known as the 'Goddess of the Yangtze,' the Yangtze River dolphin, or baiji, was a beloved creature in China. With their pale, pinkish-white bodies, they gracefully navigated the murky waters of the Yangtze River. However, they disappeared in the late 20th century. Let's trace the story of the Yangtze River dolphin and reflect on the message they have left us.
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Narwhal References
- D.W. マクドナルド (1986年)『動物大百科 2海生哺乳類』平凡社
- 水口 博也 (2010年)『クジラ・イルカ生態写真図鑑―知られざる素顔に迫る』講談社
- 水口 博也 (2013年)『クジラ&イルカ生態ビジュアル図鑑』誠文堂新光社
- WWFジャパン「海の一角獣がもつ「北極の象牙」を調査中」 https://www.wwf.or.jp/staffblog/activity/540.html
- Yahooニュース「極北の珍獣「イッカク」の角は何のためにあるのか」 https://news.yahoo.co.jp/byline/ishidamasahiko/20200616-00183385/
- カナダシアター「もっと知りたい イッカク」 https://www.canada.jp/stories/post-15975/
- 新江ノ島水族館「2012/09/08 イルカ・クジラ入門 5 ~イルカ・クジラはどのくらい潜る?~」 https://www.enosui.com/diaryentry.php?eid=02429
- ナショナルジオグラフィック「動物大図鑑 イッカク」 https://natgeo.nikkeibp.co.jp/nng/article/20141218/428799/
- ナショナルジオグラフィック「イルカとイッカク、北極のハイブリッド」 https://natgeo.nikkeibp.co.jp/nng/article/news/14/3550/
- ナショナルジオグラフィック「イッカクの牙は感覚器?」 https://natgeo.nikkeibp.co.jp/nng/article/news/14/9048/
- American Cetacean Society「Narwhal」 https://www.acsonline.org/narwhal
- WWF「Narwhal」 https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/narwhal
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